Citizen Preparation for National Resistance as a Component of Armed Forces Development Policy: The Experience of the Baltic States (2014–2026)
Abstract
Purpose. To identify the specific features of citizen training models for national resistance in the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) during 2014–2026 and to determine practices suitable for adaptation in Ukraine.
Method. The study employs systemic, comparative, and historical-comparative approaches. Methods of analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, content analysis of legal acts and strategic documents, as well as comparative analysis of institutional mechanisms for preparing citizens for national resistance were applied.
Findings. The study reveals that the Baltic States have developed three distinct models of citizen preparation for national resistance. The Estonian model is based on the combination of compulsory military service and voluntary defence organizations; the Latvian model focuses on the restoration of conscription and the development of societal resilience programs; and the Lithuanian model relies on a comprehensive regulatory framework for civil resistance. The key factors influencing the effectiveness of these models and the principal directions for their adaptation to the Ukrainian context have been identified.
Theoretical Implications. The study advances the scientific understanding of citizen preparation for national resistance as an integral component of the national security and defence system and clarifies the mechanisms that contribute to societal readiness for defence.
Practical Implications. The findings may be used to improve public policy in the fields of national resistance, territorial defence, and citizen preparedness for military and hybrid threats.
Paper Type. Theoretical and analytical.
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