Post 2003’s War: US' Failure in Political and Economic Restructure of Iraq
Abstract
The key purpose of this article is to understand the proclaimed purpose of the US invasion of Iraq and subsequently analyze Americans promises to build new infrastructure and develop a new economy of the country. By discussing the steps taken by the US government after the invasion of Iraq towards restructuring and reconstruction of the country, the author defined reasons for the American failure in restructuring of the state. The qualitative methods of research was employed to analyze the failure of the United States in the political and economic restructuring of Iraq. The data was collected from different sources including scientific journals, research papers and articles published by the different websites. This paper concludes that war cannot be summarized as a humanitarian intervention. Especially invasion of a country without UN’s Security Council’s approval itself creates doubt on the legitimacy of the political reforms and economic restructure of the invaded country. Author verified that beside the post 2003 complex political situation in Iraq, the American intervention brought the country’s economy back to the zero point.
Downloads
References
Althammer, W., & Schneider, M. (2013). Does Oil and Gas Wealth Eat Up Total Wealth? Analyzing the Resource Curse with Measures of Sustainable Wealth. SSRN Electronic Journal. Retrieved from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2209127 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2209127.
Analysts: ISIS will linger despite Syria defeat, (2019, March 25). The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.postguam.com/the_globe/nation/analysts-isis-will-linger-despite-syria-defeat/article_e14d6c64-4def-11e9-8c14-5bff4b495a5c.html.
Azzutti, A. (2016). FDI in post-conflict countries: Iraq the Case. Research Gate. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292315250_FDI_in_post-conflict_countries_Iraqi_case?hannel=doi&linkId=56ace22708ae28588c5fb4c9&showFulltext=true
Badie, D. (2010). Groupthink, Iraq, and the War on Terror: Explaining US Policy Shift toward Iraq. Foreign Policy Analysis, 6(4), 277-296. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24909824.
Bengio, Ofra. (2012A, April 22). Will Barzani declare independence? Jerusalem Post. Retrieved from: www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=267115.
BRANDS, H., & PALKKI, D. (2012). "Conspiring Bastards": Saddam Hussein's Strategic View of the United States. Diplomatic History, 36(3): 625-659. Retrieved September 2020, Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/44376191.
Bush, G. (n.d). White House Archives. Retrieved from: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/.
Cetorelli, V., Shabila, N.P. (2014). Expansion of health facilities in Iraq a decade after the US-led invasion, 2003–2012. Confl Health 8, 16. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-8-16.
Cordesman, A.H. (2020). America’s Failed Strategy in the Middle East: Losing Iraq and the Gulf. CSIS. Retrieved from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/americas-failed-strategy-middle-east-losing-iraq-and-gulf.
Cordesman, A., & Hwang, G. (2020). Strategic Dialogue: Shaping a U.S. Strategy for the “Ghosts” of Iraq (pp. 21-28). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://doi.org/10.2307/resrep24232.5.
Cordesman, A. (2018). Iraq After ISIS: The Other Half of Victory Dealing with the Civil Dimension (pp. 2-5, Rep.). Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Retrieved from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/iraq-after-isis-other-half-victory.
Davies, N. J. (2007). UN Challenges US on Air Strikes in Iraq. Global Policy Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/36362.html
GAS AND POWER: Despite Huge Reserves, Iraq Doesn't Have Enough Gas' (2017, August 30). Oil and Energy Trends. 42 (8): 7-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/oet.12495.
Hughes, C. (1996). UNTAC in Cambodia: The Impact on Human Rights. Institute of South East Asian Studies. Retrieved from: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7y_4jU4AAAAJ&hl=en.
Howard. Lafranchi, H. (2007, September 21). How Much Can UN Achieve in Iraq?. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from: https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0921/p02s02-wogi.html.
Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGIR) (2009, July 30). Quarterly Report to United States Congress. Retrieved from: https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2009-07-30qr.pdf.
Iraqi Kurdistan: the essential briefing, Strategic Comments. (2015, April 1). Strategic Comments. 21 (2). https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2015.1035506.
Ishiguro, Kaoru. (2017). Strategic Analysis Of WMD Nonproliferation: Iraq And After Iraq. International Relations and Diplomacy. 5 (6): 305-321. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2134/2017.06.001.
Kleponis, G. (2015). Sovereignty & Security: US Legal Authority & Obligations Regarding Detainees In Iraq. SSRN Electronic Journal. Retrieved from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2743224 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2743224.
Lecamwasam, Nipunika. (2013). Iraq Invasion: A Just War or Just a War? E-International Relations. Retrieved from: https://www.e-ir.info/2013/06/06/iraq-invasion-a-just-war-or-just-a-war/.
Lead Inspector General Operation Inherent Resolve. (2019, November 1). Report to the United States Congress. Retrieved from: https://www.dodig.mil/Reports/Lead-Inspector-General-Reports/Article/2020066/lead-inspector-general-for-operation-inherent-resolve-i-quarterly-report-to-the.
LOOKING AHEAD: Kurdistan Oil Profile Raised Amid Chaos In Iraq. (2014, July 24) Oil and Energy Trends. 39 (7). https://doi.org/10.1111/oet.12173
Mashatt, Merriam., & James Crum. (2008). Conflict Sensitive Approach in Infrastructure Development. USIP. Retrieved from: https://www.usip.org/publications/2008/01/conflict-sensitive-approach-infrastructure-development.
Mistrust Prevents Formation Of Iraqi Government (2010, October 20) Strategic Comments. 16 (7). https://doi.org/10.1080/13567888.2010.532003.
Mola, S.H. (2019) US Sanctions On Iran And Its Impact On Iraq. Strategy International Journal of Middle East Research. 1(1): 36-46. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijmer.2019.230.3.
Nayef, K. J. (2020). Political Discourse In Iraq After 2003. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 24 (3): 1192-1198. Retrieved from: https://www.psychosocial.com/article/PR200870/11102/.
Ocakli, F., & Scotch, M. (2017). Oil-Fueled Insurgencies: Lootable Wealth And Political Order In Syria, Iraq, And Nigeria. Journal of Global Security Studies. 2 (1):74–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogw027.
Park, Bill. (2014). Turkey-Kurdish Regional Govt. Relations After US Withdrawal from Iraq: Putting the Kurds on the Map. Retrieved from: https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/378166689.pdf.
Paquin, J., and Beauregard, P. (2014) US Transatlantic Leadership After Iraq. Cooperation and Conflict. 50 (4): 510-530. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836714558639
Pascual, C. (2007, September). The United Nations in Iraq, A Policy paper. Pascual, Carlos. (2007). The United Nations in Iraq, Foreign Policy at Brookings (3). Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/pascual200709.pdf.
Park, Bill. (2014). Turkey-Kurdish Regional Govt. Relations After US Withdrawal from Iraq: Putting the Kurds on the Map. Army War College Press. Retrieved from: https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/378166689.pdf.
Rich, P. (2012) The Iraqi Marshlands And The March Arabs: The Ma'dan, Their Culture And The Environment. Digest of Middle East Studies. 21 (1): 234-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2011.00112.x
Saeed Q. (2019). Civil Society Organizations And Peace Building In Iraq After 2003 Assistant. Tikrit Journal For Political Science (S.I): 251-276. https://doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i0.166.
Saramifar, Y. (2018) 'Framing The War In The Post War Era: Exploring The Counter-Narratives In Frames Of An Iranian War Photographer Thirty Years After The Ceasefire With Iraq. Media, War & Conflict 12. DOI: 10.1177/17506352187 89437
Salmon, A. (2010). Embracing Evolution Post-Iraq: A response to ‘Counterinsurgency Concepts: What we learned in Iraq. Global Policy, 1 (1), 221-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00021.x.
Sassoon, J. (2019). State of repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein, by Lisa Blaydes. Democratization, 26 (6), 1091-1093, https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1588252.
Saadoon, A., Albadry, S., & Abdullah, K.B. (2008). Iraqi Parliamentary Institution: Power Sharing in Iraq Parliament. European Law and Politics Journal, 1(1). Retrieved from: http://elpjournal.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/elp-spec-1-1-1.pdf.
Tarnoff, Curt. (2007, February 22). Iraq: Reconstruction Assistance. A CSR Report for Congress. Retrieved from: https://crsreports.congress.gov/.
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) – Iraq (n.d.), World Bank. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?locations=IQ.
Younis, N. (2011) Set Up To Fail: Convocational Political Structures In Post-War Iraq, 2003–2010. Contemporary Arab Affairs. 4 (1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2011.543780.
Abstract views: 1427 PDF Downloads: 914
Copyright (c) 2020 Enas AL.Yasiry

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors agree with the following conditions:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication (Download agreement) with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors have the right to complete individual additional agreements for the non-exclusive spreading of the journal’s published version of the work (for example, to post work in the electronic repository of the institution or to publish it as part of a monograph), with the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal.
3. Journal’s politics allows and encourages the placement on the Internet (for example, in the repositories of institutions, personal websites, SSRN, ResearchGate, MPRA, SSOAR, etc.) manuscript of the work by the authors, before and during the process of viewing it by this journal, because it can lead to a productive research discussion and positively affect the efficiency and dynamics of citing the published work (see The Effect of Open Access).












